1. INTRODUCTION
“Organizational behavior is the study and
application of knowledge about how people act within the organization. It is
human tool for human benefit. It applies broadly to the behaviors of people in
all types of organizations such as business, government, schools and service
organizations”.
It is directly
concerned with understanding, prediction and control of human behavior in
organiszation. Organization behavior means study of behaviors of individuals
and groups in organizations. It is related with what people do in organizations
.it applies the knowledge gained about individuals, groups and effect of
structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively
2. HUMAN
FACTOR IN MANAGEMENT
1)
Individual differences: people have some common qualities (they are excited,
they become happy) but each person in world is individually different. Each
person is different from others in many ways like intelligence, personality,
personal traits like height, weight etc. Due to this, management has to use
different motivational techniques for different employees in the organization.
Because of
individual differences, organizational behavior begins with the individuals.
Any individual can take responsibility and make decisions; a group by nature
cannot do so. A group is powerless until individual act in-group.
2)
Individual as a whole person: When an individual is appointed,
his or her skill is hired along with likes and dislikes, prides etc.
Individual’s family life cannot be separated from the factory life. Therefore
management must consider individual as a whole for better development of
individual.
3) Caused
behavior: - There is always a reason behind a particular behavior of
individual for e.g. When an individual abuses or shouts his sub-ordinate or
supervisor in the organization, there may be reason behind like family problem,
financial problem etc.
4) Human
dignity: - An individual is motivated by monetary incentives and
non-monetary incentives also. People of higher order are motivated by human
dignity. Such people wish to be accepted by others. They like challenging work.
They wish recognition for their abilities. Management should treat such people
differently by considering their aspirations for recognition.
5) Organizations are social systems: - As peoples
have psychological needs they have social roles and needs. Their behavior is
influenced by group to which they are related and by their individual drive.
Formal system and informal social system are present in organization. Individual
is related with formal system as worker and as group member with informal
social system. Both these systems are related with formal system as worker and
as group member with informal social system. Both these systems are related to
each other.
6) Mutuality
of interest: - Mutuality of interest means organizations needs people and
people need organization. Organisations are formed and maintained on the basis
of some mutuality of interest among their participants. People use organization
to satisfy their goals while organization achieves their goal with the help of
people.
3. IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Ø It helps an individual to
understand him and others better. This helps to improve interpersonal
relations.
Ø Manager is one who get things
done through efforts of others .He can achieve organizational goal if he is
able to motivate people properly. Oganisational behavior helps the manager to
understand individual and basis of their motivation.
Ø Organizational behavior helps
to maintain Cordial or good relation between management and workers. Sometimes
provocative behavior is observed in individuals with the help of organizational
behavior management can find out the root cause of such behavior and solve the
problems.
Ø Subject of organizational
behavior is useful in field of marketing .In the channels of goods and services
from organization to consumer, many individuals like middleman, sellers etc.
are involved. Consumer choice behavior is influenced by external factors. The
knowledge of consumer behavior helps organization in introducing a new product
according to the needs of the consumers.
Ø Study of the organizational
behavior is important for those want to make career in management. Manager can
become effective only if he is able to understand individual.
Ø Due to new economic policy of
India new technology, finicial resources are available for industries. But
effective utillsation of these resources is not possible without efficient
management of human resources. Organisational behavior enables a manager to
motivate his subordinates towards high productivity and better results with the
help of technology and financial resources.
4. BEHAVIORAL MODELS
In order to
understand the complexity of people, writers on management have developed
several models. Managers, whether they consciously know it or not, have in mind
a model of individual and organizational behavior that is based on assumptions
about people. These assumptions and their related theories influences
managerial behavior.
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y: -
The nature
of people has been expressed in two sets of assumptions developed by Douglas
McGregor and commonly knows as “Theory X” and “Theory Y”
Theory X: -
The assumptions of theory X are:
a) Average
workers have inherent dislike for work. They try to avoid work.
b) Because of
inherent dislike of work, most people must be forced, controlled, directed and
treated with the punishment so that they would work due to fear, which helps in
achievement of goals.
c) Average
human prefer to be directed by managers. They try to avoid taking
responsibility. They are less ambitious. They give preference for security.
Conclusion
of Theory X: -
a) Theory X
suggest due to inherent dislike to work individuals must be directed,
motivated, controlled to achieve organizational goal.
b) To get the
work done, use stick i.e. use way of fear.
c) Authority
in the organization should be clear and must flow from superior to subordinate.
d) Assign jobs
to individuals according to his ability because individual hesitate to accept
responsibility.
Theory Y: -The
assumptions of theory Y are:
a) Individual
has not inherently dislike for work .If work is meaningful and challenging, it
can be great source of satisfaction for individual.
b) External
control and threat to punish are not only ways of getting work done. Individual
can exercise self-control and self-direction in his work.
c) The degree
of commitment to the work is proportional to the reward related to the work .if
good amount of reward is with work, individual shows good commitment to his
work and vice versa.
d) Under
proper condition of trust and faith, individual accepts responsibility..
e) The
capacity to exercise high degree of imagination and creativity in solving
organizational; problem is widely distributed in the population .it means that
a mass of people have qualities like imagination, creativity. But they require
proper environment to use these qualities.
f) In today’s
modern industrial world, intellectual capacity of an individual is partially
used.
Conclusion
of Theory Y: -
a) Theory Y suggests
that treat individual from human point of view. This satisfies his social and
emotional feelings
b) Management
not only directs people but also actuate people for better work by motivation.
c) Management
must understand potentials of individual’s and try to encourage individual by
removing obstacles.
d) Theory Y
emphasizes on decentralization and theory X on centralization.
5. CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE ORGANIZATION
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Organization
is composed of individuals. Each individual has/her motives, aspirations,
perceptions and abilities. Each individual is influenced by several factors
that are shown in the block diagram. A study of these factors is useful to
understand the subject of organizational behavior.
1) Environmental
Factors: - An Environmental factor includes economic, social and political
factors which considerably influences the individual behavior.
i) Economic
Factor: -Economic environment consist of several prominent factors
like employment opportunities, wage rate, economic outlook and technology which
influences individuals behavior.
a)
Employment opportunities: -Level of employment has greater impact on individual
behavior. When there are less job opportunities fear of loosing job increases
the emphasis on job security .In such situation assurance of job, motivates
individual. When job opportunities are available, job-hopping increases and
loyalty to organization become irrelevant.
b) Wages: - food and
shelter are provided to individual by Wages. For some, wages becomes status
symbol. Money is complex variables, which affects individual’s behavior
considerably. It is well known fact that many people are attracted towards
certain organizations because of highly paid salaries. An inequality in wages
considerably hampers individual’s performance.
c) Economic
Outlook :-Individuals who experience frequent layoff are more to be
motivated by factors that affect job security. Other individuals would consider
job security to be relatively unimportant and would be motivated by other
factors.
d)
Technology: -Technological change has greater impact on job
opportunities especially on lower level jobs. But increased automation,
robotisation, computersation affect all levels of management. Therefore many
times workers resist for automation or introduction of new technology.
ii)
Cultural Environment: - The cultural environment is made up of institutions
and other factors that affect society’s basic values, percrptions, work ethic,
performance and behaviors
a) Work
Ethic: Work ethic has relation with moral of individual. Strong job
ethic results in hard work, commitment to work, good quality of work etc. Thus
strong motivation results in strong work ethic and vice versa.
b)
Achievement: - The level of achievement wished by individual in his/her
life has impact on his behavior. Thus who wants high achievement takes risks,
set realistic goals work hard. They accept challenging work. They like feedback
for their performance. Such individuals are attracted towards challenging work.
They like feedback for their performance. Such individuals are attracted
towards organizations, which offer challenging jobs and have opportunities for
achievements.
c) Value: - Value is
related to individual judgment of what is right, good or desirable. Value
influences individual’s perception, attitudes
iii)
Political factors: - political climate affect individual’s behavior
through several factors. The stability of government has a direct relation with
job opportunities in quality and quantity. Unstable government unable to
attract finance and industries. Entrepreneurs hesitate to start companies due
to instability of government. Such situation reduces level of employment
opportunities.
2) Personal
factors
Age, male or female, eduction,
abilities, dependants are some of the personal factors which influences
individual behavior.
i) Age: - Age of
individual is related to performance, absenteeism, efficiency, productivity,
enthusiasm, and satisfaction. As the age increases performance is likely to decline.
The change in technology reduces level of satisfaction and enthusiasm in old
age because of possibility of their skill of no use. While change in technology
is taken as challenge by youngster with greater enthusiasm.
ii) Male/female:
- There is no difference between male or female in problem solving
capability, analytical skil, competitive drive, motivation, technical skill,
leadership or learning ability. But in male dominated society in India, women
as employees are less appreciated. It is found that there is more absenteeism
in female employees than male employees.
iii)
Education: - The level and type of education has impact on the
individual’s behavior. Increased level of education increases individual’s
expectations like satisfying job, challenging job, high salary etc.i.e “Good
Life”. Disillusion occurs when individual’s expectations are not satisfied.
iv)
Ability: - Ability is an individual’s capacity to perform the various
tasks in a job. Individual’s ability is made up of intellectual skill and
physical skills intellectual abilities are needed to perform mental activities.
Mental abilities are important for managerial position. A physical ability
includes individual stamina, physical capacity etc. The physical abilities are
important for workers who work on machines and require physical strength.
v) Marital
status: -Marital status has influence on absenteeism, turnover and
stisfaction. Married employees have additional responsibility hence need for
stable job and stable income.
3)
Organizational System and Resources
i) Physical
facilities: - The physical facilities such as adequate lighting,
ventilation, painting on walls, proper space for each employee, equipment etc.
has positive effect on the individual’s behavior .By providing adequate physical
facilities manager can concentrate on important managerial work like planning,
policy making, strategy formulation etc.
ii)
Organization structure and design: - The way in which different groups
and departments are arranged in the organization, the lines of communication,
reporting, relationship have impact on individual behavior. A proper line of
communication enables management to communicate information to all the sub
ordinates.
iii)
Leadership: -The system of leadership and supervisors is provided for
direction, assistance, advice, controlling and coaching individuals. Different
leadership style has different influences on individual behavior.
iv) Reward
System: -Reward system adopted by organization for performance has
positive or negative effect on individual’s behavior.
4)
Psychological factors: -Psychological factors are an
individual’s mental characteristic and attributes that can affect behavior.
Prominent psychological factors are personality, perception, attitudes, values
and learning.
6. HARMONIZING OBJECTIVES:
-THE KEY TO LEADING
Understanding
the human factor in the enterprise is important for the managerial function of
leading .How a manager views human nature influences the selection of
motivational and leadership approaches. A number of models presenting various
conceptions of the nature of people have been propsed; however no single view
is sufficient to understand the whole person. Therefore, an electric view of
the nature of people is suggested.
Leading brides the gap between, on the one hand,
logical and well-considered plans, carefully designed organization strictures,
good programs of staffing, and efficient control techniques, and on the other
hand, the need for people to understand, to be motivated and contribute all
they capable of enterprise and department goals. There is no way that a manager
can utilize the desires and goals of individuals to achieve enterprise
objectives without knowing what these individuals want. Even then, managers
must be able to design an environment that will take advantage of these of
these individual drives.
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